This classic 1944 film is the story of Paula, a young, vulnerable singer who marries Gregory, a charismatic, mysterious older man. Unbeknownst to Paula, her beloved husband is trying to drive her insane in order to take over her inheritance. He continually tells her she is ill and fragile, rearranges household items and then accuses her of doing so, and most deviously of all, manipulates the gas so that she sees the lights dim for no apparent reason. Under the spell of her husband's diabolical scheme, Paula starts to believe that she is going mad. Confused and scared, she begins to act hysterical, actually becoming the fragile, disoriented person that he keeps telling her she is. In a vicious downward spiral, the more she doubts herself, the more confused and hysterical she becomes. She is desperate for her husband to approve of her and to tell her he loves her, but he keeps refusing to do so, insisting she is insane. Her return to sanity and self-assertion comes only when a police inspector reassures her that he, too, sees the dimming of the light.

The Gaslight Effect results from a relationship between two people: a gaslighter, who needs to be right in order to preserve his own sense of self and his sense of having power in the world; and a gaslightee, who allows the gaslighter to define her sense of reality because she idealizes him and seeks his approval.

The problem is, gaslighting is insidious. It plays on our worst fears, our most anxious thoughts, our deepest wishes to be understood, appreciated, and loved. When someone we trust, respect, or love speaks with great certainty--especially if there's a grain of truth in his words, or if he's hit on one of our pet anxieties--it can be very difficult not to believe him. And when we idealize the gaslighter--when we want to see him as the love of our life, an admirable boss, or a wonderful parent--then we have even more difficulty sticking to our own sense of reality. our gaslighter needs to be right, we need to win his approval, and so the gaslighting goes on.

Of course, neither of you may be aware of what's really happening. The gaslighter may genuinely believe every word he tells you or sincerely feel that he's only saving you from yourself. Remember: He's being driven by his own needs. Your gaslighter might seem like a strong, powerful man, or he may appear to be an insecure, tantrum-throwing little boy; either way, he feels weak and powerless. To feel powerful and safe, he has to prove that he is right, and he has to get you to agree with him.

If there's even a little piece of you that thinks you're not good enough by yourself--if even a small part of you feels you need your gaslighter's love or approval to be whole--then you are susceptible to gaslighting.

You search for evidence to prove your gaslighter wrong and argue with him obsessively, often in your head, desperately trying to win his approval.

Fortunately, there is a solution to the problem of gaslighting. The key to freeing yourself from this crippling syndrome isn't easy, but it is simple. All you have to do is understand that you are already a good, capable, and lovable person who doesn't need an idealized partner to provide approval. Of course, this is easier said than done. But when you realize that you alone can define your sense of self--that you are a worthy person who deserves to be loved, regardless of what your gaslighter thinks--you've taken the first step toward freedom.

Although from the outside gaslighting can look like the work of a single, abusive gaslighter, a gaslighting relationship always involves the active participation of two people. That is, in fact, the good news. If you're caught in a gaslighting relationship, you may not be able to change the gaslighter's behavior, but you can certainly change your own. Again, it's not easy, but it is simple: You can end the gaslighting as soon as you stop trying to win the argument or convince your gaslighter to be reasonable. Instead, you can simply opt out.

If you know what happened, you don't need to argue about it. In fact, arguing about it will only make you feel crazy. Debating something basic--"I was not gone for twenty minutes"; "I am not threatened by this job"; "I never agreed to make a cake at the last minute"--suggests that reality is in fact open to debate, and that you'd change your position if you heard a good argument. It's an inviation to your gaslighter to batter you with facts or emotional statements until you finally give in. Would you argue with a four-year-old about whether the moon can fall onto the earth, or whether candy is a good substitue for vegetables, or whether he can stay up all night and never get tired? No, because you know you're right, and nothing the four-year-old can say will change your mind. More important, you want him to get the message that you're not open to argument about these topics; you know what's true, and that's the end of it. Even though your gaslighter is not a child, it's important to give him the same message: Some things are not open to debate.

Don't get caught in worrying about who's right and who's wrong. The important thing is not who can win the argument but how you want to be treated.

If you're involved with a Glamour Gaslighter, you may be nodding in recognition-- yet still feeling confused. You can see the behavior, but you're still not quite sure why it's such a problem.

Well, I can tell you why: At least some--and maybe all--of the time, your gaslighter is completely involved in proving to himself what a romantic guy he is. That's his version of the gaslighter's need to be right. he looks like he's relating to you, but he's really only involved with himself. The actions he chooses to fulfill his needs may seem loving, attentive, and satisfying, but his lack of genuine connection with you leaves you feeling lonely.

He'll do his share--and more--of the household and relationship work. Yet you never quite feel as though he's fully participating. And when you ask for emotional reassurance or try to connect with him more deeply, he'll look at you blankly. Why, you wonder, are you so selfish and demanding?

Of course, the gaslighter in this situation is entitled to refuse to spend yet another day with your family. But he's not refusing, he's engaging in gaslighting, trying to make himself look like a good guy instead of being clear about what he wants. If you're involved with a guy like this, you can easily become confused.

One of the greatest dangers of Stage 3 is your increased loss of perspective. Feeling defeated, hopeless, and joyless may now come to seem so normal that you can't remember your life ever was any other way....

To me, the worst aspect of Stage 3 is the hopelessness. Like all gaslightees, you have idealized the gaslighter and wish desperately for his approval. But by Stage 3, you've pretty much given up on believing that you'll ever get it. As a result, you think the worst of yourself.

A Glamour Gaslighter is putting on a big show for his own benefit while trying to convince his gaslighter that it's all for her benefit. He tells his partner she should enjoy his romantic gestures, but he's not really checking in with her to see if she does. He's just putting on a show and insisting that she enjoy it.

A Good-Guy Gaslighter is getting his own way while trying to convince his wife that she's getting her way. Or he's withholding a part of himself while trying to convince his wife that he's giving his all and encouraging her to think she's crazy for wanting more.

As a result, the gaslighted woman feels lonel, confused, and frustrated, but she can't say why.

Those of us who stay in gaslighting relationships have decided--usually unconsciously--that we need to be able to tolerate anything, and that we have the power to fix anything. Melanie, for example, needed to belive that she was a kind, nurturing person whose all-encompassing love would create--single-handedly if necessary--a happy marriage. No matter how badly Jordan behaved, she should, she could, and she would be loving enough to make things work. Facing how unhappy she was with Jordan meant giving up this idealized version of herself and accepting that she couldn't overcome her husband's difficult ways solely through the power of her love.

No matter how badly he behaves, it doesn't matter, because we are strong enough (or forgiving enough, or nurturing enough) to transcend it. If we are not larger than life in our capacity to change him, then we are larger than life in our capacity to put up with him.

The good news is that if we have the courage to leave these gaslighting relationships and look honestly at what they've cost us, we can begin to see an end to the terrible fear that's been haunting us our entire lives--the fear of being unloved and alone.... We can see how full of love the world is--how many loving friends and supportive colleagues and potential life partners might enter our lives to replace that single "soul mate" on whom we've depended so heavily.

If we can see that our true selves don't really depend on another person's maintenance, that we are no longer the helpless infants or young children who needed so desperately to turn our parents into heroes, then we can finally begin to enjoy the people in our lives for who they are, rather than needing them to be the good parents we never had. We can become our own parents, caring for ourselves, so that our romantic partnerships and work relationships and friendships are based on love and desire, not on need and desperation.

You can change a gaslighting relationship only when you are willing to leave it, even if you never actually have to leave. But you need to become comfortable with the idea that you and your gaslighter are each allowed to have your own thoughts, so that you neither have to give in to his negative view of you nor have to convince him to validate you as good.

I also want you to remember that changing your own behavior is an extraordinary achievement and one that will repay you handsomely for the rest of your life. Whether you're able to save this relationship or not, the changes you make in yourself will stand you in good stead for a healthy, happy, and satisfying relationship in the future, either with your current gaslighter or with someone else. You may also be amazed at how all sorts of things in your life begin changing--how your relationships to work, friends, partner, family, and the world at large are all improved by your efforts to turn off the gas in any other part of your life. So even while you're mourning the loss of what you may be giving up, remember to celebrate or at least appreciate the things you're gaining.

One of the most soul-destroying aspects of being treated badly is the message we give ourselves that we deserve it. And as we seek to become more responsible and understand how we, too, participate in the destructive dynamics we're trying to escape, we can come to feel that we really do deserve to be treated badly. After all, we participated. We argued with our gaslighter, or submitted to him, or gave him the message that we didn't mind. We tried to control the situation or sought to make ourselves feel secure. Therefore, we're just as guilty as he is, and we deserve whatever happens to us, right?

Wrong. The goal of this process is not berate yourself, burden yourself with guilt, or apportion blame. Your only goal is to change your situation for the better. In order to do that, you need to know how you, too, are contributing to the problem and what you might do to alter it. But that's very different from deciding that you "deserve" what's happening or that you are somehow "to blame" for it.

I know one of my own biggest hooks in the gaslighting process was my desperate wish to get my ex-husband to agree that I was right. I simply couldn't stand that he thought it was okay to be three hours late, and that the problem was my oversensitivity, so I'd argue with him endlessly, trying to get him to change his mind. I now see that I was just as committed to controlling his thoughts as he was to controlling mine. For example, when he'd come home three hours late and I'd object, he'd go all-out to convince me I was being unreasonable, unspontaneous, overly controlling. But I was equally committed to convincing him that my frustration was justified.

Twenty years later, I still think I was right and he was wrong--of course my frustration was justified! But that's beside the point. What kept me locked into the Gaslight Tango was my inability to accept that my husband was going to see things his own way, regardless of what I did. If he wanted to think I was unreasonable, he would, no matter how hard I argued or how upset I got. As soon as I understood that he--and he alone--had power over his own thoughts, no matter how right I might be, and that he wasn't going to change, no matter what I said or did, I took a significant step toward freedom.